As we grow older, our bodies begin the inevitable process of breaking down. Our bones become weaker and more brittle, our reflexes slow, and our hearing and vision leave a lot to be desired. During our younger days, a fall down a few steps wasn’t usually a cause for alarm, and we could easily bounce back from trips, injuries, cuts, and bruises. Around the age of 65, when we are considered “elderly”, falling can often mean a more traumatic and painful event, resulting in broken joints, fractures, and head wounds.
Unfortunately, every year, millions of senior adults will suffer from a fall. Statistics show that this is equal to ⅓ of the elderly population, or one out of three adults. Falls are the most common cause for injury, fatal or nonfatal, to those 65 and older. These injuries often result in a visit to the Emergency Department (ED) for treatment. In 2006, there were 2.1 million visits to the ED for falls of an elderly adult that resulted in an injury, and each year the numbers rise, and at a cost of around 20 billion annually.

Hip Fractures
Not surprisingly, 95% of all hip fractures in elderly adults are caused by a fall. In 2010, there were 258,000 hip fractures recorded in the United States. Hip fractures almost always require hip surgery, especially in older adults. Those adults who suffer from osteoporosis are even more likely to fracture their hip than those who do not suffer from the disease. Surgery on hip fractures are more successful the quicker they are performed, so it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible.

Are you at Risk?
Seniors 75 and older at least four times more likely to be admitted for a year or more to a care facility from a fall than those ages 65-74. Elderly Caucasian men are at the most risk for fall-related deaths. The CDC notes that statistically, they are 41% more likely than women to die from a fall, and 2.7 times more likely to die than elderly black men. Women, however, go to the ED for a fall more than men, and are 50% more likely to suffer from fractures from falling, with white women suffering a higher number of hip fractures than black women.

How to Prevent a Fall ?
While no one certainly tries to fall and accidents can and will happen, many falls can actually be prevented. Seniors can take care to keep exercising regularly to keep their bones as strong as possible. Exercises that work on keeping good balance is especially helpful as we grow older. Older adults should have their vision and hearing tested regularly, go for 6 month checkups with their family doctor, take vitamin D, and be careful to keep medications that cause sleepiness or dizziness to a minimum. Home preventions can include using handrails, installing rails in the bathroom, and keeping the floors in the home free from clutter. Being proactive and realistic about your age and abilities are key to injury prevention.

If you have questions about injury prevention, contact our specialists at Orthopedic Surgery San Diego.

Athletes have individual “biological clocks,” so they reach peak performance at different times of the day, according to researchers.

The journal “Current Biology” recently published a British study involving “competition-level” athletes. Scientists concluded that choosing the right time to work out could be more beneficial than taking testosterone or performance-enhancing drugs.

The research showed that night owls who sleep late into the morning are able to sprint up to 26 percent faster when they wait until evening to do so.

Those findings came as a surprise to many experts, according to The New York Times, because past studies suggested nearly everyone performs better in the evening. The new data indicates early birds exercise more effectively at about noon. “Intermediate risers” are at their best in the afternoon.

The study, led by Dr. Roland Brandstaetter of England’s University of Birmingham, tracked 20 field-hockey players and 22 squash players who engaged in their sports six times per day.

The Times reported: “The early risers tended to wake up, on average, around 7 a.m. on weekdays and 7:30 on weekends; intermediate risers got up about 8 on weekdays and 9:10 on weekends; and the late risers awoke about 9:30 on weekdays and 11 on weekends. The researchers evaluated their performances with measures involving sprinting tests and, for the squash players, a test of concentration and alertness in which the athletes had to hit a ball into a small area.”

The results make sense, according to Dr. Benjamin D. Levine, director of the Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas, Texas. “Every athlete knows that there are times of day when they perform best,” he told the Times.

Others, however, noted that the study was small in terms of the number of participants. They called for further research, with better performance testing methods, to confirm the findings.

As the Times pointed out, experts already were aware of the role a person’s biological clock plays in body temperature, heart rate, reaction time and concentration. The researchers’ conclusions provide confirmation, according to Kenneth P. Wright Jr., director of the sleep and chronobiology laboratory at the University of Colorado.

Fortunately for competitive athletes, their biological (or circadian) clocks can be adjusted. They can alter peak performance times by adjusting the light in their homes and eating meals at different times of day, Brandstaetter reported. Another technique is to get up earlier or later in the morning, which requires changing the bedtime to ensure adequate sleep.

Hirofumi Tanaka, an exercise researcher at the University of Texas, told the Times: “There is no question that circadian rhythms affect sports performance.” But he cautioned that studying the phenomenon is difficult because “we cannot replicate the highly motivated and competitive situations in the laboratory.”

Another expert joked that “it would be handy (for sports coaches) to know the phenotype of all (their) team members, (to) predict who would be playing well at various times of day.”

If you have questions about your exercise routine, contact our specialists at Orthopedic Surgery San Diego today for an evaluation.

We all know that exercise is good for us. It keeps the heart beating, the joints moving, the weight off, and muscles strong. As we get older we are told time and time again how important it is for our health. So why is it so tedious? It’s boring, sweaty, time-consuming, and sometimes painful, awkward, and downright embarrassing when we do it wrong. What’s the point?

The point
is that approaching exercise as if it were the enemy is harmful to building an exercise regime, or thinking positively about keeping healthy habits.  Many people view exercise as a chore and are unable to stick to a regime for very long. So what is the secret to all of those people that actually like to exercise?

Scientists have theorized many reasons as to why certain people exercise consistently.  It could be due to upbringing, genes, motivations, and convenience. The most common reason found over years of study was that people who keep exercising gain pleasure from the task. While this might seem an obvious reason, it may be easier said than done. Simply telling yourself to love it isn’t enough. Rather, having a mindfulness about the act is what is important.

Dutch researchers, curious to whether mindfulness is that important, conducted a survey to see. They used 400 adults, who are physically active to fill out an online survey and questionnaire based on their exercise regime, feelings towards exercise itself, and mindfulness of the act. Volunteers were asked to rate the questions given, such as: “How satisfied are you when exercising?” on a scale of totally agree to totally disagree. The results showed that those who exercised most enjoyed it the most, and those who enjoyed it the most, were mindful during physical activity. They encountered feelings of satisfaction and accomplishment that are necessary to keep working towards a goal.

Having mindfulness is the process of being cognizant of what you are doing, aware of the effect, and focusing on the moment. Zoning in on the feeling of your body moving, how you are doing your part to stay healthy, and even visualizing the calories burning away, can give a positive mindset. That’s not to say that exercising isn’t hard work, painful, and occasionally annoying, but accepting the good and bad of exercise, will help you mentally, and physically.

Exercise is very important to our overall health and well-being, and can come in many forms, from walking around the block a few times a week, to weight training for the Mr. Wonderful Muscle contest. Moving our bodies reduces risks for many issues, like blood pressure, diabetes, or heart disease.

Doctors involved with sports medicine, such as orthopedic surgeons, recommend exercise to their patients with joint and arthritis issues. Those with knee pain, back pain, shoulder or wrist pain can benefit from daily exercise, more so than by not exercising. Keeping up a habit of exercise not only lowers pain but also improves appearance and mental health.

If you have questions about developing a healthy exercise routine or suffer from knee pain or a shoulder injury contact our sports medicine specialists at Orthopedic Surgery San Diego to develop a plan that is best for you.

Alex Rodriguez, the popular New York Yankees third baseman, is no stranger to hip pain and surgery. A-Rod, as he is famously known, suffered from a hip condition called femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), which typically affects young and middle aged adults. This condition is caused when the head of the femur is abnormally shaped and can become caught in the hip socket. This can also occur due to the rim of the socket sticking into the thigh bone. The grinding due to the abnormalities causes bone spurs to form and a labral tear to occur, which catch painfully on the joint.
Rodriguez, as a young athlete, began to notice limited functional range of motion in his hip joint. This was due to his left femur becoming misshapen over an extended period of time. His hip was also not perfectly rounded, causing the bone to not fit securely in the socket. Our bodies try to make up for complications by compensating or overworking other areas. When this happens, we tend to focus on the problems created by compensation, rather than the underlying serious issue. Many patients with FAI end of undergoing spine injections or surgery for ongoing low back pain. Unfortunately the spine surgery doesn’t alleviate the pain brought on by the hip joint.
In Rodriguez’s case, the compensation led to his first major hip injury in 2009. He suffered a second hip injury in 2012 that occurred due to the cartilage breaking down inside the hip joint. Rodriguez eventually underwent hip arthroscopic surgery to repair the torn labrum in his left hip in January of 2013. Hip arthroscopy can provide the patient with an improved range of motion. Rodriguez was fortunate that his cartilage damage was not too extensive, and he was able to complete rehabilitation and physical therapy. This allowed him to gain strength in his hip and teach the muscles how to work properly.
Even though the surgery was successful, he was still put on a 60 day disabled list for the start of the 2013 MLB season. Two days before he was scheduled to go back to the Yankees in July, he suffered a Grade 1 quad strain, extending his disability time. Fortunately, he was able to resume playing ball in August.
xcBefore having hip surgery, orthopedists generally recommend non-surgical treatments, such as rest, physical therapy, ice, NSAID’s and injections. If these treatments do not adequately control the pain and inflammation, hip arthroscopy is then recommended. In order to proceed with surgery, a physical examination and an MRI are done first to assess the patient’s health. The orthopedist will use tests and medical history to determine if any problems or health risks could interfere with the surgery. If so, a more in-depth evaluation will be conducted.
Following the procedure, the surgeon will formulate a rehabilitation plan based on the type of surgery performed. In some cases, crutches are necessary. More extensive procedures might require crutches for one to two months. The complete recovery process is typically around five to six months in duration. Physical therapy, which involves case specific exercises, is necessary to recover strength and mobility.

Fractures of the distal radius are the most widespread bony injuries in the upper extremity. There are several treatments that have been suggested. However, external fixation remains an extremely versatile method to treat various types of fractures involving the distant radius.   The major indications for external fixation include unstable extra-articular fractures as well as the majority of intra-articular fractures.
Distal radius fractures were frequently referred to as “Colles’ fractures”.  Several decades back, a very popular treatment method was using manipulation, pinning, and casting, following a concept proposed then by Abraham Colles and generally accepted. According to the concept, the functional deficit would be acceptable even though these fractures would heal with deformity.
With enhanced understanding of the different types of fractures, there were certain classifications that were developed, including Frykman,  Melone, and AO.  A better method of treatment was required after a careful study of the specific fracture pattern. Newer methods of treatment have been developed in an attempt to come up with better outcomes in these fractures. The only goal is not merely fracture union. The ultimate goal of this treatment is to restore the normal anatomy with quick functional recovery and also full and painless motion of the wrist.
In a study, a randomized comparison was made between Volar Plate and External Fixation for intra-articular distal radius fractures. The purpose of the study was to compare the surgical outcomes of VP (volar locking plates) and EF (external fixation). This was whether it was with intra-focal fixation or not for both AO-type C2 and C3 fractures of the distal radius.

Methods
The first group consisted of 92 patients who had AO-type C2 and C3 distal radius fractures. These patients were signed up in a prospective, randomized study in which a comparison was to be made between volar plate fixation and external fixation (whether with intra-focal fixation or not).  Out of this group, 74 patients were studied. Every time the patient visited the doctors, the investigators evaluated functional assessments such as wrist range of mobility, the strength of the grip, as well as Michigan Questionnaire. They also measured radiographic assessment at 1 year.
Results
The results indicated that the VP group’s grip strength exceeded that of the EF group at 3 months and 6 months by far. Moreover, the VP group registered a significantly greater range of motion than the EF group at 3 months. However, when it came to the range of motion and grip strength between both groups, no major differences were recorded at 12 months. The Michigan Hand Questionnaire score tended to be higher in the VP than in the EF group at 3 months, but it was similar at 1 year. As regards the volar tilt or radial predisposition, no important differences were registered. In terms of the ulnar variance, the VP group exhibited superior radiologic results. One patient in the VP group and 3 in the EF group were found to have an intra-articular deformity that was more than 2mm. But this variance did not attain to any statistical significance.
Conclusions
These findings for functional recovery following distal radius surgery provide a better understanding into treatment choices as well as interpretations of treatment results for patients with this type of fractures.

Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)
Femoroacetabular impingement also called as FAI occurs due to the structural abnormalities in the bones that form the hip joint. The ends of the two bones that form the hip joint have abnormal shape due to which the bones tend to move against each other creating unnecessary friction and damage to the joint and thereby pain in that area.
What does a hip joint look like normally?
A hip joint is basically a ball-and-socket joint. The femur or the thigh bone has a portion named femoral head that forms the ball and the socket is acetabulum, a portion of the pelvic bone. The two surfaces of ball and socket are covered with articular cartilage that allows the movement of the bones with very little friction. The bony ends smoothly glide during movements. Labrum is a type of fibrous cartilage that surrounds the joint for better stability of the hip joint.
What happens in a person with FAI?
When a person is suffering from FAI, his femoral head or sites on the acetabulum grow projections. Due to the abnormal growth the bone ends tend to strike against each other while hip movements. Normally the bone ends move smoothly against each other but bony outgrowths make movements difficult and painful. There comes a time when repeated rough movements lead to the labrum tears and damage to the articular cartilage.
What are the types of FAI?
FAI can be of three types generally-
Pincer FAI- This is when the acetabulum is defective because of an extra growth of acetabular bone beyond the normal edge. Such a growth can prove to be extremely injurious to the labrum and can lead to a crushing injury.
 Cam FAI- The CAM type of FAI is due to the defect in the shape of the femoral head. Instead of being round, the shape of the femoral head becomes distorted due to bony growth. This restricts the normal rotation of the femoral head within the acetabulum and hence the hip movements become tough and painful. In due course of time, the cartilage starts wearing away due to chronic rubbing.
Combined FAI- This type of FAI has the combination of both Pincer and CAM type. It simply means that both the femoral head and the acetabular rim have bony overgrowths. The degree of movement difficulty increases with increased complexity.
It is tough to realize whether one has this problem until the symptoms appear. The best part is that some people live their lives undisturbed and actively along with FAI and never counter any trouble like limited movements. Those who develop symptoms have already undergone harm to their labrum or articular cartilage. In such cases, people come up with the complaints of hip joint pain, inability to walk straight and experiencing a rigidity that restricts their free hip movements. The symptoms of FAI show a variation from one individual to another. Some have reported to have a mild ache all throughout. Others have severe pain in the groin region mostly specially while squatting.
If you suffer from hip pain or low back pain that has not improved despite various measures, contact our renowned and talented sports medicine specialists at Orthopedic Surgery San Diego to undergo an evaluation.

Hip Impingement, or Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), is a condition normally caused by mal-development of hip bones during the growing years. As a result, hip bones are not aligned and people with FAI suffer a sharp stabbing pain in the groin upon performing movements involving hip bones such as twisting and squatting. Sometimes, the pain is a dull ache in quality. When the hip bones rub against each other, the joint is damaged and tearing can happen. Also, the breakdown of these structures may predispose the person to developing osteoarthritis (OA).
Since pain in the groin area can mean a lot of things, it is essential for health care providers to conduct first an assessment that would support diagnosis of hip impingement or FAI. For an instance, if the pain occurred for the first time, a review of recent activities that might have caused the pain is done. Also, a rest may be taken to see if the comfort is restored. Over-the-counter (OTC) anti-pain drugs may be used too.  However, if none of these can address the symptom, persons with potential hip impingement or FAI are advised to seek professional medical help.
Diagnosis is a combination of imaging studies and physical assessment. One test included in the physical assessment is the impingement test. To do this, the doctor brings the knees upward and towards the chest and then rotates it inward going to the opposite shoulder. If patient feels pain, he is positive for impingement. Current imaging studies utilized in diagnosing hip impingement or FAI includes the following: x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and CT Scans.
X-ray is ordered to produce internal structures’ images on film. The film is then given to the doctor for final reading. The doctor will try to look for structural irregularities, particularly in the space where two bones meet in the hip region that may suggest hip impingement or FAI. Aside from irregularities, a greater bone size may also be noted around the socket.
If the doctor can’t sufficiently tell by x-ray or if collected assessment data are still not enough to diagnose hip impingement or FAI, MRI is ordered. This is a more accurate imaging study which uses magnetic field and radiowaves to produce more detailed images of tissues. Also, it can produce a three-dimensional image that can be viewed in different angles. With MRI, tissue structures are viewed. Through this technique, tears in the cartilage are now possible to be detected, especially the cartilage (labrum) that runs along the rim of the socket.
Lastly, computerized tomography (CT) scan is ordered as one of the options. The technology of CT scan uses computers and x-ray equipment to produce various images of the internal environment of the body. Both CT and MRI scans will play a great role when doctors decide if the person will need surgery.
While hip impingement or FAI may be triggered by some movements especially by athletes, it may be relatively unpreventable if it’s brought by growing years. Therefore, it is important to act on the first sign of pain in the groin area. The rule of the thumb is, the longer it is not diagnosed the severe its consequences are to the hip bones and movement of a person.
Our specialists strive to offer you the best surgical and nonsurgical options.  Contact us at Orthopedic Surgery San Diego to schedule an evaluation today.

        Since misalignment of the hip bones can affect the activities of daily living of an individual that has hip impingement or femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), initial treatment is geared towards managing the pain, which is the usual chief complaint. While treatment can be both surgical and non-surgical, nonsurgical ones are being instituted first. Therefore, if pain management do not relieve the pain, surgical management is the next step to be taken.
Non-surgical treatments involve resting the affected part, modifying activities that may precipitate worsening of the condition, rehabilitation through physical therapy to strengthen the muscles, and anti-inflammatory drugs as well as pain medications. People with hip impingement or FAI are initially advised to follow certain changes in their activities’ frequency, duration, and intensity. These changes in activities are done to safeguard the integrity of the joint as well as to avoid moving it in a way that would be painful. In addition to this, structured exercises with physical therapists are also done to strengthen the muscles in the hip region which serve as the anchors and weight-bearers. These structured exercises promote hip’s range of motion as well as relieve stress on the injured cartilage. Lastly, pain medications are prescribed and administered to help manage the pain and inflammation. An example of this drug is ibuprofen.

In some cases where non-invasive treatments are not effective, the doctor may opt to do surgery. While surgery does not promise 100 percent recovery from hip impingement or FAI, it is the best way to treat FAI as of now. It is the only way to relieve pain and improve function of the affected part. The surgery of choice is based on the extent of the affectation and severity of damage in the cartilage.
For cases with less severe cartilage damage, surgery to be conducted involves surgical instrument to manipulate the anatomical flaw. This means reshaping the ends of the bones to be able to fit the two perfectly. The most common site of this surgery is at the outside edge of the socket. Another surgery is called microfracture. In this technique, the damaged cartilage is cut. Another approach is to drill holes into the damaged part. Both of these approaches are geared towards stimulating cartilage growth. However, microfracture is not frequently used. There is also a new approach which utilizes blood parts to stimulate growth of cartilage.
            The typical hip impingement or FAI surgery is done through arthroscopy. In this surgery, a lighted scope called arthroscope with a camera on its head is inserted into a button-size incision to view the internal environment of the affected hip. This surgery is done on an outpatient basis. Therefore, patients can go home after once stable after few hours of monitoring. During arthroscopy, any frayed cartilages are repaired, bony rims are trimmed, and bumps are shaved. On the other hand, for some severe cases, a larger incision is required and an open surgery is done.
The rule of thumb in hip impingement surgical treatment is the earlier a person subjects himself to surgery, the higher the chances of his complete recovery.
Our specialists provide the best orthopedic and medical care available.  Contact our sports medicine specialists today to schedule an evaluation.

A Quest in Determining If There is a Need to Change the Strategy in Managing Fasciotomy Incisions in the Lower Leg
According to National Center for Health Statistics in the United States, there are 492,000 tibial fractures per year accounting to 70,000 hospitalizations, 800,000 private clinic check-ups, and 500,000 hospitalization days. The common causes of tibial fractures include motor vehicular accidents, sports injuries, and falls.
Fractures are usually managed with either casts or splints. While these methods promote healing and realignment, the pressure that accrues inside the muscles of the leg can result in a complication called compartment syndrome. Signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome include pallor, pulselessness, paraesthesia, pain, and in some cases, paralysis. The doctor will try to cut a small portion of the cast to release the pressure. This procedure is called windowing. If it is not effective, the next step is called bivalving, where the cast is divided into two. However, in severe cases of compartment syndrome, a surgery called fasciotomy is needed to be performed.

Now, after fasciotomy, the wounds are currently managed through bringing patients back to operating room for a series of debridements. This is to facilitate delayed primary closure (DPC) of fasciotomy wounds. However, a team of researchers led by Dr. Michael J. Weaver questioned the effectivity and efficiency of this strategy. Consequently, a study entitled “Delayed Primary Closure of Fasciotomy Incisions in the Lower Leg: Do We Need to Change our Strategy?” was conducted. It was published in Journal of Orthopedic Trauma last December 22, 2014.
The main objective of the study was to determine whether the current strategy of ‘bringing back patients to the operating room for successive debridements allow primary closure of fasciotomy wounds’. The main outcome measure of the study would be based on the ‘number of fasciotomy wounds closed by DPC after the initial fasciotomy procedure.’
The research design utilized was a retrospective cohort study of 104 adult patients from two urban level 1 trauma centers. These patients had acute compartment syndrome at the time they had either open or closed tibia fracture. Data needed for the study were derived from these patients’ medical records and radiograph results. Participants included in the study had their fasciotomy wounds managed either through DPC or split thickness skin grafting (STSG), depending on individual conditions.

Nineteen (19) out of 104 patients (18%) were treated with DPC while 42 patients (40%) underwent STSG. On the second debridement, three out of 43 remaining patients underwent DPC. Through examining these previous cases, researchers found out that no open fractures were documented to be closed by DPC. In terms of the number of hospitalization days, it was found out those patients who underwent STSG on their first debridement has significantly stayed shorter in the hospital compared to those who underwent additional procedures to manage their fasciotomy wounds. The result was a 12.2 days versus 17.4 days at 0.005 level of significance.
In conclusion, the study recommends considering the option of providing skin grafting to these wounds especially on open fractures as it can significantly decrease the number of hospitalization days. On the other hand, DPC technique can rarely close fasciotomy wounds which weren’t possible to be close during the first post-fasciotomy surgical procedure. Lastly, the study recommends exploration of other techniques to utilize to avoid repeated debridement.
If you have sustained an injury and wish to undergo an evaluation or obtain a second opinion, contact our specialists at Orthopedic Surgery San Diego.

RECONSTRUCTION SURGERY COULD BE REQUIRED AFTER AN INJURY TO THE ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of four main ligaments of the knee. A rupture or tear to the ACL is a common injury suffered by active persons. Surgical reconstruction is often required to regain full knee function and stability. ACL reconstruction surgery should always be done by highly-trained orthopedic surgeons, also known as orthopedists.
How does this injury usually occur?
Most ACL injuries happen during sports and athletic events which are non-contact, and therefore have no external contact with the knee joint. This suggests that the injuries are as a result of abnormal movements such as pivoting, sudden changes of direction and bursts of speed.
Soccer, basketball and volleyball are some of the sporting activities which have the highest risks and incidences of anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Do all ACL tears or ruptures require surgery?
Your orthopedist will, after a comprehensive examination, present you with the results that will help you to decide whether or not to opt for surgery. Bear in mind that the goal of surgery is to restore as close as possible the level of stability and function to the knee which you had before you had the injury.
You may opt for surgery if :
Your knee is very unstable due a completely torn, or a severely partial tear of the ACL.
After undergoing a rehab program your knee is still unstable.
You are very active in sports or have a job where full knee strength and stability is needed.
You have a chronically unstable knee which is affecting your quality of life.
You have injuries to other parts of the knee such as the cartilage or meniscus.
You may choose not to have surgery if:
You have an ACL tear that may respond to rest and rehabilitation.
Neither sporting activities nor your job require a perfectly stable knee.
You feel able to complete a rehab program to stabilize your knee and strengthen your leg muscles to reduce chances of another knee injury.

Does ACL reconstruction surgery work well?
ACL surgery, when performed by a competent orthopedic surgeon, has a high success rate with very few problems relating to the surgery itself.
Many surgeons use arthroscopic surgery in preference to open surgery. Arthroscopy makes it easier for the surgeon to see and work on knee structures. Arthroscopy also uses smaller incisions than those required in open surgery, and the operation can be simultaneously done when identification of any other knee damage or injuries. Is needed.
Arthroscopic surgery can be performed under spinal or general anesthesia, depending on the choice of the patient.
Post operative care and physical rehabilitation is a most important part which contributes to the success of the procedure. For satisfying results, religiously follow the instructions of your doctor to re-establish a fully functional, stable knee.
If you have been told you sustained an ACL tear or wish to obtain a second opinion, contact our sports medicine specialists to provide you options that best suite your needs.